[renovate]

This PR contains the following updates:

Package	Change	Age	Confidence
python-dotenv	1.2.1 → 1.2.2

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python-dotenv: Symlink following in set_key allows arbitrary file overwrite via cross-device rename fallback

CVE-2026-28684 / GHSA-mf9w-mj56-hr94

More information

Details

Summary

set_key() and unset_key() in python-dotenv follow symbolic links when rewriting .env files, allowing a local attacker to overwrite arbitrary files via a crafted symlink when a cross-device rename fallback is triggered.

Details

The rewrite() context manager in dotenv/main.py is used by both set_key() and unset_key() to safely modify .env files. It works by writing to a temporary file (created in the system's default temp directory, typically /tmp) and then using shutil.move() to replace the original file.

When the .env path is a symbolic link and the temp directory resides on a different filesystem than the target (a common configuration on Linux systems using tmpfs for /tmp), the following sequence occurs:

1. shutil.move() first attempts os.rename(), which fails with an OSError because atomic renames cannot cross device boundaries.
2. On failure, shutil.move() falls back to shutil.copy2() followed by os.unlink().
3. shutil.copy2() calls shutil.copyfile() with follow_symlinks=True by default.
4. This causes the content to be written to the symlink target rather than replacing the symlink itself.

An attacker who has write access to the directory containing a .env file can pre-place a symlink pointing to any file that the application process has write access to. When the application (or a privileged process such as a deploy script, Docker entrypoint, or CI pipeline) calls set_key() or unset_key(), the symlink target is overwritten with the new .env content.

This vulnerability does not require a race condition and is fully deterministic once the preconditions are met.

Impact

The primary impacts are to integrity and availability:

• File overwrite / destruction (DoS): An attacker can cause an application or privileged process to corrupt or destroy configuration files, database configs, or other sensitive files it would not normally have access to modify.
• Integrity violation: The target file's original content is replaced with .env-formatted content controlled by the attacker.
• Potential privilege escalation: In scenarios where a privileged process (running as root or a service account) calls set_key(), the attacker can leverage this to write to files beyond their own access level.

The scope of impact depends on the application using python-dotenv and the privileges under which it runs.

Proof of Concept

The following script demonstrates the vulnerability. It requires /tmp and the user's home directory to reside on different devices (common on systemd-based Linux systems with tmpfs).

import os
import sys
import tempfile
from dotenv import set_key

##### Pre-condition: /tmp must be on a different device than the target directory.
tmp_dev = os.stat("/tmp").st_dev
home_dev = os.stat(os.path.expanduser("~")).st_dev
assert tmp_dev != home_dev, "Skipped: /tmp and ~ are on the same device (no cross-device move)"

with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory(dir=os.path.expanduser("~")) as workdir:
    # File an attacker wants to overwrite
    target = os.path.join(workdir, "victim_config.txt")
    with open(target, "w") as f:
        f.write("DB_PASSWORD=supersecret\n")

    # Attacker pre-places a symlink at the path the application will use as .env
    env_symlink = os.path.join(workdir, ".env")
    os.symlink(target, env_symlink)

    before = open(target).read()

    # Application writes a new key -- triggers the cross-device fallback
    set_key(env_symlink, "INJECTED", "attacker_value")

    after = open(target).read()

    print("Before:", repr(before))
    print("After: ", repr(after))
    print("Symlink target overwritten:", target)

Expected output:

Before: 'DB_PASSWORD=supersecret\n'
After:  "DB_PASSWORD=supersecret\nINJECTED='attacker_value'\n"
Symlink target overwritten: /home/user/tmp806nut2g/victim_config.txt

Remediation

The fix changes the rewrite() context manager in the following ways:

1. Symlinks are no longer followed by default. When the .env path is a symlink, rewrite() now resolves it to the real path before proceeding, or (by default) operates on the symlink entry itself rather than the target.
2. A follow_symlinks: bool = False parameter is added to set_key() and unset_key() for users who explicitly need the old behavior.
3. Temp files are written in the same directory as the target .env file (instead of the system temp directory), eliminating the cross-device rename condition entirely.
4. os.replace() is used instead of shutil.move(), providing atomic replacement without symlink-following fallback behavior.

Users are advised to upgrade to the patched version as soon as it is available on PyPI.

Timeline

Date	Event
2026-01-09	Initial report received from Giorgos Tsigourakos regarding a separate, unrelated issue also located in rewrite()
2026-01-10	Co-maintainer acknowledged report, requested clarification
2026-01-11	Initial report assessed as not exploitable and closed
2026-02-24	Reporter identified new, distinct cross-device symlink attack vector with deterministic exploitation
2026-02-26	Co-maintainer confirmed vulnerability and shared draft patch
2026-02-26	Reporter validated fix with monkeypatched PoC, proposed CVSS
2026-03-01	Patch merged to main
2026-03-01	Patched version released to PyPI
2026-04-20	Advisory published

Patches

Upgrade to v.1.2.2 or use the patch from https://github.com/theskumar/python-dotenv/commit/790c5c02991100aa1bf41ee5330aca75edc51311.patch

Severity

• CVSS Score: 6.6 / 10 (Medium)
• Vector String: CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:H

References

• https://github.com/theskumar/python-dotenv/security/advisories/GHSA-mf9w-mj56-hr94
• https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-28684
• https://github.com/theskumar/python-dotenv/commit/790c5c02991100aa1bf41ee5330aca75edc51311
• https://github.com/theskumar/python-dotenv/commit/790c5c02991100aa1bf41ee5330aca75edc51311.patch
• https://github.com/theskumar/python-dotenv/releases/tag/v1.2.2
• https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-mf9w-mj56-hr94

This data is provided by the GitHub Advisory Database (CC-BY 4.0).

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Release Notes

theskumar/python-dotenv (python-dotenv)

v1.2.2

Compare Source

Added

• Support for Python 3.14, including the free-threaded (3.14t) build. (#​588)

Changed

• The dotenv run command now forwards flags directly to the specified command by [@​bbc2] in [#​607]
• Improved documentation clarity regarding override behavior and the reference page.
• Updated PyPy support to version 3.11.
• Documentation for FIFO file support.
• Dropped Support for Python 3.9.

Fixed

• Improved set_key and unset_key behavior when interacting with symlinks by [@​bbc2] in [790c5c0]
• Corrected the license specifier and added missing Python 3.14 classifiers in package metadata by [@​JYOuyang] in [#​590]

Breaking Changes

• dotenv.set_key and dotenv.unset_key used to follow symlinks in some
  situations. This is no longer the case. For that behavior to be restored in
  all cases, follow_symlinks=True should be used.

• In the CLI, set and unset used to follow symlinks in some situations. This
  is no longer the case.

• dotenv.set_key, dotenv.unset_key and the CLI commands set and unset
  used to reset the file mode of the modified .env file to 0o600 in some
  situations. This is no longer the case: The original mode of the file is now
  preserved. Is the file needed to be created or wasn't a regular file, mode
  0o600 is used.

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[rishitank]

Superseded by #33, which covers this security update.

• fix(security): clear all open Dependabot and CodeQL alerts #33 raises the floor in pyproject.toml to python-dotenv>=1.2.2, so the fix also applies to anyone installing from PyPI, not just to the lockfile.
• Its uv.lock resolves python-dotenv to 1.2.3.
• fix(security): clear all open Dependabot and CodeQL alerts #33 also includes the pydantic-settings (chore(deps): update dependency pydantic-settings to v2.14.2 [security] - autoclosed #39) and mcp (chore(deps): update dependency mcp to v1.28.1 [security] - autoclosed #37) fixes.

I've left this PR as a draft and haven't closed it. Rishi decides what happens to it. Once #33 merges, Renovate should see that the dependency is already satisfied and close this PR on its own.

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